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Personal Injury Drownings

Fairfax Injury Lawyer Brien Roche Addresses Personal Injury Drownings

Brien Roche

Drowning is a fact that owners and those who manage swimming pools must be fully aware of. Those who own and manage pools, to the extent that they have safety personnel on site, need to be fully prepared. Being prepared includes being informed of what is sometimes called the Instinctive Drowning Response. Many people wrongly believe that a drowning swimmer will be thrashing in the water. People see this as an attempt to stay afloat. That is not always the case.

Personal Injury Drownings-Victim Behavior

  • Drowning people are not able to call out for help. Their respiratory system is too busy trying to ingest air.
  • To the extent that the drowning person’s mouth is above the surface of the water, they are exhaling and inhaling. They are doing this as quickly as possible before their mouth sinks below the surface of the water.
  • A drowning person instinctively extends the arms to the side. The intent is to press down on the water’s surface in order to try to stay afloat.  That would prevent someone from waving for aid.
  • Most drowning people remain upright in the water and are unable to kick.

These are very subtle signs of drowning. They are things that lifeguards and other attendants need to be aware of in order to best serve patrons.

Drowning-Factors

In analyzing swimming pool injuries there are a number of factors to consider. State and local codes must be analyzed carefully to determine any and all requirements that may exist as far as:

  1. Fencing.
  2. The nature and characteristics of any gates.
  3. Any required life saving devices.
  4. The need for and qualifications of life guards.
  5. Pool maintenance standards as far as water level, water clarity, condition of deck, etc.
  6. Design requirements for the pool such as depth markers, presence of protruding objects, use and location of diving boards or slides.

To the extent that either state or local codes do not cover these issues then there may be a need for expert testimony to establish the standard of care. Call, or contact us for a free consult.

Standards

Some standards that exist in the field are published by the National Spa and Pool Institute. In addition the NCAA and the Federation of International Amateur Swimming (FINA) have established certain standards for pools that allow diving.

Other standards are published by the American National Standards Institute, the Association of Pool and Spa Professionals, the International Swimming Pool and Spa Code and also the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Model Aquatic Health Code.

There have also been developed certain rules as far as response time by pool professionals. The so-called “10/20 Rule” requires a qualified lifeguard to identify an incident within 10 seconds and respond within an additional 20 seconds.

The 10/3 Rule provides that lifeguards must recognize an emergency within 10 seconds and perform a rescue and begin care within 3 minutes.

The Lifesaving Society, a Canadian lifeguarding group, generally suggests 1 lifeguard for every 40 bathers.

Overall standards may differ depending on the nature of the water park. A private club or residential community association may have their own standards.

A water park or resort is going to be governed by heightened standards based upon it being a place of amusement. Public parks however may be subject to immunity issues.

Personal Injury Drownings-Diving Accidents

Diving accidents in swimming pools and other facilities have decreased dramatically over the years. This decrease is due to the enhanced awareness of the dangers of diving. Many pool owners have removed their diving boards.

General theories of liability may be premised on lack of depth markings, failure to construct or install the pool according to plans, improper matching of a diving board with a pool of suitable depth and absence of proper signs. In addition lack of lifeguards, inadequate lighting, and negligent rescue may be bases for liability.

Some states have passed legislation that requires minimum diving depth in a variety of different pools.

Most backyard pools are no more than 20 feet by 40 feet. With a diving board in the deep end a tall person can easily strike bottom if not wary of the danger. Add to that the presence of liquor. Backyard pools can become places of danger.

Personal Injury Drowning-Rip Tides

Drowning from rip tides is a huge problem in many beaches across the U.S.  The rip tide effect is caused by a break in sandbars that are offshore. The break allows water that is washed on the shore side of the sandbar to funnel through that break. The break between two adjacent sandbars creates a suction effect drawing the swimmer out away from the shore.

Some signs of rip tides are an area of water in the surf that has a different color from the surrounding water. Also be on the lookout for irregularity in the incoming pattern of waves. In addition the movement of seaweed or debris that is moving out through the surf may suggest a rip tide.

If caught in a rip tide, which is different from an undertow, the best defense is to swim slowly parallel to the shore. In addition you can allow the rip tide to carry you out until it loses its momentum.  It will lose its momentum. Once it does you can swim back to the shore away from the rip tide area.

An undertow is generated by a drop off in depth of the water. This causes receding waves to fall into the deeper area created by the changing depth. This results in the swimmer being pulled under.

See also the pages within this site dealing with premises liability.
For more information on drowning see the pages on Wikipedia. Call, or contact us for a free consult.

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Personal Injury Drownings

Fairfax Injury Lawyer Brien Roche Addresses Personal Injury Drownings

Brien Roche

Drowning is a fact that owners and those who manage swimming pools must be fully aware of. Those who own and manage pools, to the extent that they have safety personnel on site, need to be fully prepared. Being prepared includes being informed of what is sometimes called the Instinctive Drowning Response. Many people wrongly believe that a drowning swimmer will be thrashing in the water. People see this as an attempt to stay afloat. That is not always the case.

Personal Injury Drownings-Victim Behavior

  • Drowning people are not able to call out for help. Their respiratory system is too busy trying to ingest air.
  • To the extent that the drowning person’s mouth is above the surface of the water, they are exhaling and inhaling. They are doing this as quickly as possible before their mouth sinks below the surface of the water.
  • A drowning person instinctively extends the arms to the side. The intent is to press down on the water’s surface in order to try to stay afloat.  That would prevent someone from waving for aid.
  • Most drowning people remain upright in the water and are unable to kick.

These are very subtle signs of drowning. They are things that lifeguards and other attendants need to be aware of in order to best serve patrons.

Drowning-Factors

In analyzing swimming pool injuries there are a number of factors to consider. State and local codes must be analyzed carefully to determine any and all requirements that may exist as far as:

  1. Fencing.
  2. The nature and characteristics of any gates.
  3. Any required life saving devices.
  4. The need for and qualifications of life guards.
  5. Pool maintenance standards as far as water level, water clarity, condition of deck, etc.
  6. Design requirements for the pool such as depth markers, presence of protruding objects, use and location of diving boards or slides.

To the extent that either state or local codes do not cover these issues then there may be a need for expert testimony to establish the standard of care. Call, or contact us for a free consult.

Standards

Some standards that exist in the field are published by the National Spa and Pool Institute. In addition the NCAA and the Federation of International Amateur Swimming (FINA) have established certain standards for pools that allow diving.

Other standards are published by the American National Standards Institute, the Association of Pool and Spa Professionals, the International Swimming Pool and Spa Code and also the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Model Aquatic Health Code.

There have also been developed certain rules as far as response time by pool professionals. The so-called “10/20 Rule” requires a qualified lifeguard to identify an incident within 10 seconds and respond within an additional 20 seconds.

The 10/3 Rule provides that lifeguards must recognize an emergency within 10 seconds and perform a rescue and begin care within 3 minutes.

The Lifesaving Society, a Canadian lifeguarding group, generally suggests 1 lifeguard for every 40 bathers.

Overall standards may differ depending on the nature of the water park. A private club or residential community association may have their own standards.

A water park or resort is going to be governed by heightened standards based upon it being a place of amusement. Public parks however may be subject to immunity issues.

Personal Injury Drownings-Diving Accidents

Diving accidents in swimming pools and other facilities have decreased dramatically over the years. This decrease is due to the enhanced awareness of the dangers of diving. Many pool owners have removed their diving boards.

General theories of liability may be premised on lack of depth markings, failure to construct or install the pool according to plans, improper matching of a diving board with a pool of suitable depth and absence of proper signs. In addition lack of lifeguards, inadequate lighting, and negligent rescue may be bases for liability.

Some states have passed legislation that requires minimum diving depth in a variety of different pools.

Most backyard pools are no more than 20 feet by 40 feet. With a diving board in the deep end a tall person can easily strike bottom if not wary of the danger. Add to that the presence of liquor. Backyard pools can become places of danger.

Personal Injury Drowning-Rip Tides

Drowning from rip tides is a huge problem in many beaches across the U.S.  The rip tide effect is caused by a break in sandbars that are offshore. The break allows water that is washed on the shore side of the sandbar to funnel through that break. The break between two adjacent sandbars creates a suction effect drawing the swimmer out away from the shore.

Some signs of rip tides are an area of water in the surf that has a different color from the surrounding water. Also be on the lookout for irregularity in the incoming pattern of waves. In addition the movement of seaweed or debris that is moving out through the surf may suggest a rip tide.

If caught in a rip tide, which is different from an undertow, the best defense is to swim slowly parallel to the shore. In addition you can allow the rip tide to carry you out until it loses its momentum.  It will lose its momentum. Once it does you can swim back to the shore away from the rip tide area.

An undertow is generated by a drop off in depth of the water. This causes receding waves to fall into the deeper area created by the changing depth. This results in the swimmer being pulled under.

See also the pages within this site dealing with premises liability.
For more information on drowning see the pages on Wikipedia. Call, or contact us for a free consult.

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